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Riyadh, once a small tribal settlement in the Najd desert, evolved into the capital of modern Saudi Arabia through a series of historical events. In the 18th century, the alliance between Muhammad bin Saud and the Wahhabi movement established the First Saudi State, which expanded rapidly but was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 1818. The Second Saudi State emerged in 1824, but internal conflicts and the rise of the Rashidi dynasty led to its collapse in 1891. In 1902, Abdulaziz bin Saud captured the Masmak Fortress, marking the beginning of the modern Saudi state. He unified the Najd tribes, conquered the Eastern Province, and later secured Mecca and Medina, culminating in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The discovery of oil in 1938 transformed Riyadh from a desert town into a global economic hub, and today it boasts a population of over seven million, towering skyscrapers, and ambitious projects under Vision 2030, such as the NEOM city and The Line, positioning it as a future global brand.