Философия - Спиноза и Лейбниц (Новое Время Ч.2) | 07.12.2021

At 0:45, the lecture begins by situating Spinoza and Leibniz's metaphysical systems within the context of New Time. At 3:13, Benedict Spinoza is introduced, with his biography at 3:31, major works at 6:21, the search for meaning as the original goal of his philosophy at 7:34, his teachings about God at 15:33, the concept of substance at 18:01, the similarities and differences between his view of substance and Neoplatonism at 24:20, the attributes of substance—space and thought—at 26:30, the consequences of recognizing thought as an attribute of substance at 32:15, the modes of substance at 37:04, the ethical dimension of Spinoza's immanence, freedom as known necessity, at 39:46, and the theory of affections at 43:24. At 51:41, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is introduced, with a preliminary characterization of his philosophy at 52:29, a critique of mechanistic and absolute space at 53:06, his doctrine of monads as force metaphysical points at 1:02:42, an explanation of the meaning of monadology at 1:06:12, the essence of a monad as activity of perception and differential unconscious at 1:09:28, parallels between Leibniz and Stoicism at 1:16:59, and the principle of pre-established harmony at 1:18:50. Finally, at 1:24:47, the lecture concludes with a comparative characterization of Spinoza and Leibniz's metaphysical systems.