Изменившая Мир Гражданская Война в России | 2 ЧАСТЬ

After the February Revolution, the monarchy fell but the Provisional Government could not hold power. In October, the Bolsheviks led by Lenin seized control, sparking the civil war. Ukraine declared independence, Cossacks and White forces formed volunteer armies, and the Brest‑Litovsk Treaty ceded vast territories to Germany. In 1918, the Czechoslovak Corps mutinied, the Red Army was formed under Trotsky, and White forces rallied around commanders like Kolchak and Denikin. Allied intervention saw Britain, the US, France, and Japan occupy parts of Russia, while the Red Terror began. By 1919, White forces captured the Urals but were defeated at Kazan, and Denikin's advance to Moscow was halted at Tula. The anarchist Makhnovists fought both sides, and the Red Army ultimately prevailed on all fronts, pushing Whites to the Black Sea and Siberia. In 1920, the remnants of the White Army evacuated Crimea, and the Polish‑Soviet War ended with the Red victory at the "Miracle on the Vistula." The Kronstadt uprising in 1921 and the fall of the Far Eastern Republic in 1922 marked the final blows to opposition, culminating in the establishment of the USSR on December 30, 1922. The Bolsheviks won due to unified command, control of industrial centers, effective propaganda, and the isolation of White forces by foreign intervention.