Anatomy LRR by Dr. Azam Part 1 | For NEET PG, INI-CET & FMGE

A very good afternoon, my dear friends.

A very good afternoon here.

This is Dr. Azam here, your faculty of anatomy at Preplata here.

I hope all of you are doing well.

I hope my video and audio is audible.

I'm audible to everyone here.

Okay, fine.

now it's okay fine so my dear doctors welcome back here now in this lrr session we are actually going to do it in like two parts part one and part two of course in part one we are actually going to complete like important topics like neurotomy and head and neck and all and the part two will be doing the remaining topics my dear friends fine

Now, to begin with, first of all, in this session of LRR, of course, we are going to deal with all the high-yield topics, very, very high-yield topics, my dear friends, which are required for your NEET, PG, INS, as well as the FMG exam.

So, we are going to cover the entire things in detail.

Yes, of course.

Yes, of course.

Even the astrology part will also be done here.

fine fine yeah uh yes uh medical yes all all the concepts will be obviously covered in that one there's nothing like uh separately mentioning like fmg it's only for fmg or something like that like all the important topics will be done whatever

whatever session i'm taking here right right now my difference uh remember of course it will be like high yield and it will be required for your all the exams fine don't worry about that we don't have to worry about like separate thing for uh fmg or something like that fine sure sure we'll also cover the astrology part also fine

NEET PG 2025 how many hours will take for this session sir like we have divided this entire thing into like two sessions part one and part two and of course part one and part two will be approximately for like you know two and a half and two and a half hours okay in total I'm planning to cover in a span of like five hours yes of course all the images will be covered here fine

now without any further ado let's get started with the first topic that is neuroanatomy and you all know very well how much important is this topic and i'll try to revise this in like you know as simple manner as possible my dear friends okay so now to begin with neuroanatomy first of all

To begin with neuroanatomy, first of all, what I will do is I'll start with some simple topics here.

Like we are going to discuss a little bit points, a few points regarding the ventricles of the brain as well as the spinal cord.

And then we'll move on to the higher topics also, my dear friend.

Okay.

So first of all, about the ventricles of the brain, every exam we are observing that there is a question asked from here.

In this diagram, you're able to see that this is the lateral ventricle here.

And this one here will be the third ventricle.

And finally, this one here will be the fourth ventricle.

We know that the lateral ventricles will be located in telencephalon.

The lateral ventricles will be located in telencephalon and the third ventricle will be in diencephalon and the fourth ventricle will be actually in the rhombencephalon.

The third lateral ventricle is connected to third ventricle with the help of foramen of Monroe and the third ventricle is connected to fourth ventricle with the help of aqueduct of sylvius which is also referred to as cerebral aqueduct.

Fine.

Now

Now once you are done with this one, now my dear friends remember about the lateral ventricle.

Lateral ventricle is the one which will be having, this is the anterior horn here and this one is the central part of this one here and this is the posterior horn and finally this one here will be the inferior horn here.

So the lateral ventricle will be having like four horns.

There will be one anterior horn and then the posterior horn, then the central part as well as the inferior horn guys.

Fine.

Now mostly what we have to do is we have to actually learn the relations of these ventricles here.

Fine.

So let me draw the lateral ventricle separately here.

We have to learn the relations of all these ventricles.

I'll teach you the relations of the lateral ventricle, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle separately, separately over here my dear friends.

But first let me tell you an important clinical correlation here.

Now suppose if there is aqueductal stenosis

there is aqueductal stenosis if there is a narrowing of the aqueduct then what is going to happen of course the csf will not be moving from third ventricle to fourth ventricle so therefore there will be accumulation of csf in the third ventricle and which ventricle is getting enlarged here of course the third ventricle will get and last year by different okay so whenever there will be aqueductal stenosis there is a block in the aqueduct of sylvias then which it will lead to dilatation of which ventricle here

will lead to dilatation of the third ventricle here it will lead to dilatation of the third ventricle fine and remember the congenital aqueductal stenosis is the most common cause of yes congenital hydrocephalus the most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus now similarly my dear friends if there is a block in the

Foramen of Lushka and foramen of Mejendi, the foramens which you will be finding in the fourth ventricle, there will be two foramens on the lateral side, foramen of Lushka, one foramen in the midline, that is foramen of Mejendi.

If there is atresia of those foramens, what is going to happen?

There will be accumulation of fluid in the fourth ventricle.

Now, normally in this diagram, you can see this one here will be the fourth ventricle here.

Now, if it is enlarged, then this is how it looks like.

And this happens in the Dandy-Walker syndrome.

So, at ratio of the foramen of Lushka and foramen of Magendie, that will lead to dilatation of which ventricle?

Yes, it's easy to remember now.

It will be the fourth ventricle here, my friends.

So, I hope from here you can understand there is no need of mugging up here.

In aqueductal stenosis, it will lead to dilatation of third ventricle, whereas in Dandy-Walker syndrome, it will lead to dilatation of the fourth ventricle here.

Fine.

Now,

now after completing this like simple simple things one more small topic but very important one that is your spinal cord and spinal cord you just have to remember like two points here one is about the extent of the spinal cord now we know that in the adults spinal cord is going to extend from c1 to l1 and l1 which border here my dear friend that is a lower border of l1 and then in the infant it will be from c1 to l3 and that to upper border of l3 here extent of spinal cord is very much important it is always asked every now and then in your exams

Now, similarly, the ending part of the spinal cord is also very much important, my dear friend.

Welcome here.

Now, this ending part here will be actually a cone-shaped structure, and this is known as the conus medullaris.

Spinal cord is going to end in a cone-shaped structure, that is, conus medullaris.

And now, from the tip of the conus medullaris, there'll be a fine thread-like structure, and that thread-like structure will be referred to as phylum terminal.

Fine.

But what is this phylum terminal here?

We know that the spinal cord will be covered by three meninges here.

Out of them, the innermost meninge, innermost meninge will be the pymatter.

And pymatter will be closely attached to the spinal cord here.

You can clearly see here.

it is closely attached to the spinal cord here but at the ending part what is happening here is it stopping there only no it's not stopping there that is going to further continue down and that continuation of the parameter itself is phylum terminal so please remember that phylum terminal is actually the modification of parameter

thing is very clear now if this is like parameter then where do we have the electron matter and the dura matter so remember the arachnoid and dura matter is going to descend down descend down and finally meet with the parameter the arachnoid and dura matter is going to descend down and meet with the parameter and it is going to further move down so now in your exams we are asking at which point is exactly merging with the parameter there yes at the level of s2 that to the lower border of s2 low border of s2

Now, we can clearly understand from here, oh, so spinal cord is ending at the level of L1, whereas the subarachnoid space, this subarachnoid space is actually ending at the level of S2.

So, therefore, in between them, you will be able to do the lumbar puncture.

Fine.

So, one more point that you have to learn here is that the subarachnoid space ends at the level of lower border of S2 here.

And then lumbar puncture can be done between L3 and L4.

That is more better answer when compared to L4 and L5.

So lumbar puncture is most commonly done between L3 and L4.

That is more better answer when compared to L4 and L5.

I hope this is perfectly done.

So about the spinal cord, my dear doctors, if you remember this, there is more, more than enough for your exams.

You have to just remember like two things here.

Number one, the extent of the spinal cord.

Another thing is ending part of the spinal cord here.

Now, just now I told you one of the modification of pyrometer here.

Fine.

I told you about the phylum terminal.

Now let us see the other modifications also.

Fine.

Now, number one, I told you at the end of the spinal cord, the extension of the pyrometer is referred to as phylum terminal.

Second modification is linear splinders and linear splinders is nothing but the extension of the pyrometer into the anterior median fissure into the anterior median fissure.

So if the pyrometer extends into the intermediate fissure, that extension is referred to as what?

Linear splinters.

Then apart from that, this ligamentum denticulatum is very much important.

On either side here, on either side of the spinal cord, you'll be able to see the tooth-like projections here of the pyrometer and those tooth-like projections of the pyrometer are referred to as ligamentum denticulatum.

Now, the question in the exam here is, how many ligamentum denticulatum do you have?

Please remember very, very clearly, there are only two of them.

One is on the right side, the another one is actually on the left side here, sir.

So, there will be only two of them.

One is on the right, another one is on the left there.

But remember, these two will be with 21 projections on each side.

21 projections on each side, sir.

Please don't answer, there will be like 21 ligamentum denticulatum.

There are only two ligamentum denticulatum, but they are with like 21 projections on each side.

There will be 21 on one side and there will be like 21 on the other side.

So, they will be totally like 42 to 44, you know, ligamentum, sorry, projections of the ligamentum denticulatum.

So, there will be only two ligamentum denticulatum, one on the right and left with 21 projections on each side.

So,

Now, once we are done with the modification of the parameter, yes, of course, the next thing that we have to learn is about the sections of the brain.

But before going about the sections of the brain, let me tell you one important thing about the relations of this ventricle here, the lateral ventricle.

I told you in the lateral ventricle, we are actually having like four parts here.

Let me draw it separately over here.

Now, if this one here will be the lateral ventricle.

this is the lateral ventricle over here now this one here will be the anterior horn the central part and then this one is a posterior horn and this is the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles the anterior horn the posterior horn the inferior horn and the central part here and now my dear friends remember my simple one small diagram here that inside this one here you'll be able to appreciate a nucleus and this nucleus here will be the caudate nucleus

is the caudate nucleus here and just surrounding this ventricle here you'll be having the corpus callosum here we know that corpus callosum will be having like four parts the rostrum genu the rostrum and the genu and the body and the you know splenium part surrounding that will be having the corpus callosum part here now if you just remember my simple diagram here

you just remember this simple diagram here my dear friends yes you can easily tell the relations now now this one is here is the anterior horn here now what do you have above the anterior horn here above it will be corpus callosum and what do you have below here below it will be caudate nucleus so the roof of the anterior horn will be formed by corpus callosum and the floor is actually formed by the caudate nucleus now similarly about the inferior horn here what is forming the roof of the inferior horn here that is formed by caudate nucleus and below here there will be the hippocampus

below here you'll be having the hippocampus here fine so therefore my dear friends with this simple diagram we are actually done with the yes relations of this anterior horn as well as the inferior horn here and now welcome to the posterior horn which was actually asked in your exams about the posterior horn now fine now please look at this diagram now in this diagram first try to identify this one here will be the posterior horn we have taken a section of that one that is your posterior horn

now in this diagram you are able to appreciate very clearly here the roof and the lateral wall the roof and the lateral wall of the posterior horn will be formed by tapetum fibers the roof and the lateral wall will be formed by the tapetum fibers

fibers they're nothing but tomato fiber they're going to form the roof as well as the lateral wall also now now the important thing is about the medial wall now on the medial wall you'll be able to appreciate one you know elevation here and this elevation will be known as the bulb of the posterior horn here

and then you will be able to appreciate like one more elevation here and this is referred to as the calcareous calcareous and you got to remember the reason for this one what is the reason for the formation of these two elevations here now please remember the bulb of the posterior horn it will be actually formed by the fibers of forceps major

The fibers of forceps major.

Whereas the calcareous is actually formed by this sulcus here.

And this sulcus will be the calcarein sulcus.

That is your calcarein sulcus.

And the one which is actually asked in your exam was about the bulb of the posterior horn.

So remember the bulb of the posterior horn will be formed by the fibers of forceps major.

Forceps major my dear friends.

So in this manner with help of like these two simple diagrams here.

We are able to learn the relations of these ventricles over here.

now now all my dear doctors who are listening to me right now please listen very carefully hear that whenever you're writing the exam whatever exam you're writing whether it is NETPG INSAID or FMG exam the sections of the brain is very very much important okay so the coronal section and the cellular section and the transfer section the coronal

The coronal section and the cerebral section and the transverse section, all the three sections are very, very much important, my dear friends.

Why?

Because, yes, in every exam, remember, the exam will not be completed without the section of the brain.

Definitely, your exam will definitely ask you a question from the section of the brain.

Definitely, it will come in your exams.

Dr. Maskman is telling, sir, didn't taught this in FMG class.

Yes, of course, my dear friends, there will be a lot of updates every session.

So, you have to actually keep on updating yourself.

Now, let us go ahead with the next one here, the coronal section.

Now, the first thing that we are going to learn right now is the coronal section.

And in the coronal section, we are also going to simultaneously learn about the lateral ventricles also.

I hope the moment you look at this diagram here, you are able to appreciate here, this is the lateral ventricle here and lateral ventricle on the other side.

And these two little ventricles are going to open into the third ventricle.

Or we can say they are connected to the third ventricle with the help of foramina of Monroe.

Now the first thing that you have to learn here is the right and left half of the brain are connected by this bundle of fibers here.

The right and left half of the brain are connected by this bundle of fibers here.

We have learned in the basics very clearly that anything which is connecting the right and left half of the brain, those white matter fibers are referred to as your commissural fibers.

And this one here will be the largest commissure and this one will be the corpus callosum.

Corpus callosum.

And this corpus callosum is the one which is going to form the roof of the lateral ventricle.

It is going to form the roof of the lateral ventricle.

Fine.

Corpus callosum is going to form the roof of the lateral ventricle.

Now, between the two lateral ventricles, you'll be able to appreciate one septum in the middle here.

And this septum will be referred to as septum pellucidum.

There will be a translucent septum in the middle.

That is septum pellucidum.

fine and this septum pellucidum is the one which is going to form the medial wall of the lateral ventricle

wow so simultaneously in the coronal section we are also dealing with what here we are dealing with the boundaries of the lateral ventricle so we are done with the roof we are done with the medial wall the medial wall is actually formed by what septum pellucidum over here and now my dear friends after completing the roof here and then the medial wall now let us learn about the floor of the lateral ventricle let's see the floor of the lateral ventricle here now in this diagram appreciate very clearly here

This nucleus that you're able to see here, this nucleus here will be the caudate nucleus.

So this one here will be the caudate nucleus.

Perfect.

And after this caudate nucleus, you're able to appreciate one small vein here.

That vein here will be the thalamostriate vein.

This vein here will be the thalamostriate vein.

Thalamus right when sir fine and after that you'll be able to appreciate like there'll be a gray matter present over here and that one here will be your thalamus.

After this thalamus right when you're able to appreciate here this one here will be the thalamus here.

And then yes of course this one which is attached to the lower border of the septum pellucidum here this one is very very much important my dear friends that is your fornix.

So this one here will be the fornix here.

And finally, you'll be able to appreciate the ears.

Capillaries over here, there will be network of capillaries.

And this network of capillaries here will be the choroid plexus.

It's called choroid plexus.

And all this together, together, they're going to form the floor of the lateral ventricle.

They're going to form what here?

The floor of the lateral ventricle, my dear friends.

Okay.

So the caudate nucleus, the thalamus right vein and thalamus and the fornix as well as the choroid plexus all together they are going to form what here?

All of them are going to form the floor of the lateral ventricle here.

They are forming the floor sir.

So in this manner if you will just look at this diagram here my dear friends, you will be able to appreciate all these structures.

Simultaneously you are done with the coronal section as well as please remember we are also done with what here?

The boundaries of the lateral ventricle.

The boundaries of the lateral ventricle.

So let me repeat the boundaries once more here.

Let us revise together my dear friends.

What is going to form the roof of the lateral ventricle?

The roof of the lateral ventricle is formed by corpus callosum.

The medial wall will be formed by septum pellucidum.

And then the floor here, the floor will be actually formed by the caudate nucleus, the thalamus triad vein, the thalamus, as well as the fornix and the choroid plexus.

Now, once you know all the structures here, that's all.

You are actually done with the coronal section.

Remaining things you can easily manage.

Now, for example, just now I said you that this one here will be the caudate nucleus here.

Fine.

This one here will be the thalamus here.

Perfect.

And then, of course, there will be the lens-shaped nucleus, that is your lentiform nucleus here.

So, this lens-shaped nucleus here will be the lentiform nucleus.

Now, once in your FMG exam ID, friend, they have put an arrow mark here and they have asked this nucleus.

What is that nucleus?

Lentiform nucleus.

So, that's why I had clearly told you that in your exam, sections of brain are given many times.

Many a times, a section of brain will be actually given to you.

So, your exam will not be completed without a section of brain.

Clear?

So, that is your lentiform nucleus.

Recently in the FMG exam, they have again given this coronal section.

There was arrow mark here and you have to identify.

That is your internal capsule.

So, this white matter fibers which are actually passing from here, this one here will be the internal capsule here.

So, this will be the lentiform nucleus here and this is the internal capsule here.

Fine.

So, these two questions were also given in your FMG exam.

Someone was asking in the chat box there.

the comment section there someone was asking there my different k please specify the questions regarding fmg also says separately yes you can see i'm covering all of them fine so in the middle you will be able to find this white amount of fiber here there's your internal capsule recently that was asked in the exam and in one of the pg exam the arrow mark was actually here this one can you identify what is that black colored pigmented substance here

Can you identify what is that black colored pigmented substance there?

Dr. Pawan, this session is for NEET-PG, INSET as well as for FMG.

We are doing the LRR session here for like all the exams that you're doing.

I'm covering all the higher topics in that one.

If I have specified like two questions which are asked in FMG exam, it doesn't mean that it is only for FMG.

Okay.

Yes.

Yes.

Very good.

Very good.

Dr. Divya.

Substantia Nigra.

Very fine.

Very good.

Fine.

This one here will be the Substantia Nigra here that was asked in the PG exam.

Clear?

Perfect.

so there is no difference now in any exam just the label is different completely agree with that completely agree with that one now shall we go ahead now for my my dear friends if you know all the structures here now that's all let it be any exam if you know these many structures which are there on the screen right now let it be any exam my students are ready now okay ready with the coronal section coronal section of this one here

Now nowadays now the phonics part is very much important phonics topic is very much important here And they're asking many many questions about the phonics here.

So let me tell you all the points regarding the phonics Please read this question here.

The structure indicated in the given image originates from where?

See the structure in the given image here.

Yes, I think all my students will be able to identify now it is phonics and

Yes, you are able to identify this one here.

It is fornix.

But the question is that it is going to originate from where?

Yes, of course, the answer is hippocampus.

It is going to begin from hippocampus.

That structure is fornix, fine.

But it is going to originate from where?

It is going to begin from hippocampus.

Let me show you that picture here.

now in this diagram you can clearly see here this one will be the hippocampus and from the hippocampus there will be fornix going going going all the way up to the mammary body it is going up to the mammary body and from the mammary body there will be a separate tract here mammalothalamic tract and that is going to carry the information up to the thalamus which nucleus of thalamus that is the anterior nucleus of thalamus

So from the hippocampus to mammillary body, the information will be actually carried by the phonics.

And then from the mammillary body to the anterior nucleus of thalamus, that is by mammillothalamic tract.

Mammillothalamic tracts.

Are you understanding me?

Now in this one sentence many a times the question has been answered.

Fine.

Fornix begins from where?

Hippocampus.

Fornix is going to where?

Mammillary body.

Two questions already asked in your exam.

And then the mammoth thalamic tract is going to end in which nucleus of thalamus?

Anterior nucleus of thalamus.

This too was asked in your exam.

In one of the PG exams they have asked that here.

so please remember that one line is like multiple questions there so many times the question has been asked from this actually now for this belongs to which types of fiber next question now i hope you all remember about the white matter the white matter is actually divided into three categories association commissural and projection fibers fine

the fibers which are going to connect anterior posteriorly will be association fiber the fibers connecting the right and left half will be the commissural fibers and then up and down you'll be having the yes projection fibers here fine so anterior posterior will be having association fiber then commissural and then relation fiber now my dear friends fornix belongs to which type of fiber remember it belongs to all the three categories association commissural and projection

Fornings belongs to all the three types of fibers, association fiber, commissural fiber and projection fiber.

So in the options, if they are given all of the above, mark all of the above.

Now out of this, if you want one specific answer here, please remember it is association better than commissural, better than projection.

Second question solved here.

Third question is, recently in one of the exams, they have given a combination, my dear friend.

Remember, it is association and commissure more better combination when compared to association projection when compared to commissure and projection fiber.

So, all the questions regarding phonics are solved here, sir.

I repeat once more here.

Remember, phonics belongs to

so phonics belongs to all the three categories of fibers association commissural and projection fibers perfectly done and then association is better than commission better than projection fiber okay but recently recently in your exam they have asked the combination so please remember phonics belongs to association commissural fiber that is the best combination when compared to any other thing fine

Next one.

Phonics on either side.

On both the sides, the phonics will be connected.

I told you right and left side.

It will be always connected by commissure.

And please remember, the phonics on either side is connected by hippocampal commissure.

Phonics on either side is connected by hippocampal commissure.

Hippocampal commissure, sir.

Fine.

So, in this manner, in this manner, my dear friends, on this slide here, we have completed each and each and every question regarding the phonics.

Each and every MCQ, I have actually bought at one place here.

Whether it is asked in 8PG, INSF or FMG exams, everything regarding the phonics is done over here.

next one next concept here now as i told you we are going to deal with all the sections of the brain here like the coronal section the cytel section as well as the transverse section together fine now now we are going to deal with the cytel section here so

now in the sagittal section here you can clearly see this one here will be the third ventricle here first you try to identify the third ventricle here fine now if this is the third ventricle over here yes of course this one here will be the fourth ventricle and they are connected by a duct here that is the aqueduct of sylvius or cerebral aqueduct sir

now now first of all third ventricle third ventricle is actually between the between the thalamus thalamus and hypothalamus on either side so therefore in this diagram you are able to appreciate here this is the thalamus part here and below the thalamus this one here will be the hypothalamus part here so thalamus and hypothalamus they are going to form the lateral wall of the third ventricle thalamus and hypothalamus that is going to form the lateral walls lateral wall

Now, once we are done with the little wall, what is forming?

The roof here.

The roof of the third ventricle will be formed by, yes, this one here will be the choroid plexus, the network of capillaries.

Above this choroid plexus here, this one here will be the fornix.

The fornix and choroid plexus, these two are going to form the roof of the third ventricle.

the roof of the third ventricle fine the fornix and the coroplex they are going to form the roof of the third ventricle then now in the front here you'll be able to appreciate one commissure here this one is anterior commissure and this lamina here will be referred to as lamina terminalis so this one here will be the anterior commissure and this lamina here will be the lamina terminalis

laminar terminalis and these two are going to form anterior wall of the third ventricle these two are going to form the anterior wall of the third ventricle fine yes now here itself i want you to remember like two points regarding laminar terminalis here yes my dear friends you can actually note down i'm not writing here what is laminar terminalis actually representing remember it is the remnant of the anterior neuropore

lamina terminalis is representing the remnant of anterior neuropore it is a remnant of the anterior neuropore i hope you all have learned in embryology there will be neural tube and neural tube has got like two pores one will be the anterior neuropore another one is the posterior neuropore out of these two neuropores remember anterior neuropore remnant of the anterior neuropore will be the lamina terminalis lamina terminalis and number two second point that you have to remember this is the place where you don't find any

yes blood brain barrier there will be no blood brain barrier at the lamina terminalis and that is why it is considered to be one of the circumventricular organ all the organs where you don't find any blood brain barrier that is referred to as circumventricular organs circumventricular organs guys taken now now what about the posterior one here posterior wall is formed by what here guys first you need to identify this gland here this gland here will be the pineal gland

above the pineal gland there will be one commensure and this commensure here will be the hippocampal commensure and below the pineal gland there will be one commensure and that commensure will be the posterior commensures and then of course this duct here will be the aqueduct of sylvius and all this together they are going to form what here they are going to form the posterior wall of the third ventricle posterior wall of the third ventricle here

Are you understanding me here?

The anterior wall will be formed by like two structures there.

One is anterior commissure and the posterior wall will be formed by the hippocampal commissure, the pineal gland, the posterior commissure as well as the aqueduct.

Please remember above that that is hippocampal commissure and below that will be the posterior commissure.

Now once you are done with all these things here, welcome to the floor of the third ventricle.

Now this crossing here will be referred to as optic chiasma.

This crossing here will be the optic asthma.

And this one here will be the infundibulum part here.

I'm just writing in short here, my dear friends.

So this part here will be the infundibulum part, that is pituitary stalk.

And please remember that will be along with tuber cinerium.

Infundibulum along with tuber cinerium there.

And this body here will be the mammillary body.

And this perforated substance here will be the posterior perforated substance.

And finally, finally, this one here will be the tegumentum part of the midbrain.

Yes, already in the regular classes we have discussed my dear friend that in the midbrain there will be a duct passing here and this duct here will be the aqueduct of sylveus.

The structure behind the aqueduct of sylveus here, this one here will be the tectum part and the structures in front of that one here, this will be the tegmentum part sir.

So behind the aqueduct there will be tectum part and in front of that there will be tegmentum part.

And all these parts together, together they are going to form the floor.

They are going to form the floor of the third vertical.

so in one diagram we are actually done with everything over here okay and once we are done with this one here yes remaining parts any student can tell even a first year mbba student can tell that yes of course this one here will be the fourth ventricle my dear friend and this of course will be your midbrain here and then followed by this big structure response here then medulla oblongata and behind here this one will be the cerebellum part

So, just learn whatever structures I have written over there.

That's all.

You are ready with a certain section for any exam.

NETPG, INS head or FMG, any exam.

Let them give this diagram.

My students are ready right now, sir.

Fine.

now once we are done with this one here let us go ahead into this diagram here yes in your exams what they're doing is they're giving you a radiological image like this here and in that radiological image you have to identify so just now we are done with the sagittal section over here just now we are done with the saddle section now i think my student can easily identify all the structures in the radiological image also now this one here will be the corpus callosum just below the corpus callosum this one here will be the fornix

just now i told you here this is nothing but infundibulum attached to the pituitary gland below here and this body here will be the mammary body and then the midbrain pons medulla oblongata i hope now it's like a cakewalk for my students you can easily identify you can easily identify here

and the students were asking after learning in depth i told you all the structures here in depth here fine but after learning all these things in depth here my dear friends in your fmg exam there was recently this image given and then the arrow mark was actually here here

is my difference after learning all these things in depth here in the class there was an arrow mark given at this structure the answer is like pawns answer pawns and that's all you're done i think now you'll be able to easily answer these type of questions fine

the response there guys sir please give brief idea about where are different structures located in the brain stem of course we will study about the brain stem later on we are going to revise that one also don't worry now actually doctors right now what is the thing that we are discussing i hope you are aligned along with me we are actually discussing about the sections of the brain so one by one i am dealing with all the section so we are done with coronal section and now cellular section is also done here so now welcome to the transverse section

Now in transfer section first of all identifying the orientation is very much important.

Sir, please take my doubt too.

Sir, in the champion's exam, I have actually read your question there that you wrote, but that is totally like deviating from our topic right now.

Let us just first of all do like LRR session here, revision here.

Okay, you are telling me about some question given in champion's exam.

Again, we have to go there completely.

What is the question?

What is the question?

What are you referring to?

So, when we are already doing one session here in a flow, that flow will be actually

gone i hope you're understanding i don't know what is your name nhb04 04 in champions exam there was a diagram to identify the cn and it has very ambiguous image also that's what see the question also it is not there now you're referring to which question i don't know

don't know you are referring to which question exactly some question was given some diagram was given and it was ambiguous so my dear friend please try to understand we are going in a flow with this one here that is why i did not ignore that one but this is not the right time you can actually send a screenshot to me like you can send me a direct message i'll respond to you okay i'll send you a voice note i was revising by kim thank you thank you thank you

No, no, no, nothing to be sorry, my dear friend.

I have seen, but which question is that?

Some question, I mean, even we don't know here.

Yeah, let's go.

Yes, where were we?

Yes, transverse section of cerebrum here.

First of all, orientation is very much important.

Orientation is very much important.

Now, this one is cerebral hemisphere here.

okay now inside the cerebral hemisphere you'll be having the corpus callosum here rostrum rostrum genu body and the splenium part here okay corpus callosum and now we are actually taking a section at this level

For example, we are taking a section at this level here.

Now, when you take a section at this level here, my dear friend, this will be the genu part here.

This turning part is genu part here.

And genu part right in front here, this is the frontal lobe.

Fine.

And this is the splenium part here.

And behind here, this one here will be the occipital lobe.

Now, you try to understand the orientation here.

We are actually taking a transverse section.

We are removing the structures from above and then we are seeing from above.

Fine.

now in this diagram here this lobe here will be the frontal lobe frontal lobe and this lobe here will be the occipital lobe here so this is the occipital lobe here fine so we are taking a transfer section here and then you'll be having the frontal lobe in the front and the occipital lobe behind and uh

This part here will be the genu part here and this is the splenium part here.

After taking a transposition, we are seeing from above the genu in the front and the splenium behind.

Now, this genu is actually connected to the frontal lobe here with the help of this white metal fibers here, you are able to see.

The genu is connected to the frontal lobe here and these fibers here are referred to as forceps minor.

forceps minor.

And similarly, the splenium is connected to the occipital lobe here.

And it is connected here to the occipital lobe with the help of these fibers here.

And these fibers here will be the forceps major fibers here.

Forceps major fibers here.

Are you understanding me here?

The genu part is connecting to the frontal lobe with the help of forceps minor and the sclenium part is connected to the occipital lobe with the help of forceps major.

Now the genu and body they are connected by what here sir?

They are connected by genu and the sclenium are connected by what here?

The body.

Now from the body the fibers which are moving out will be the tapetum fibers.

Aage genu hota hai, piche splenium hota hai.

Ahead you will be having the genu, behind you will be having splenium.

And they are connected by what?

They are connected by, yes, the body.

And from the body, there are certain fibers which are going laterally.

And those fibers which are going on the lateral side will be the tapetum fibers.

What are the fibers?

Tapetum fibers.

Okay.

Now, this tapetum fibers will be actually passing from here.

You have to identify.

These are the tapetum fibers here.

If these are the tapetum fibers, just try to recall where I just told you.

Just now I told you somewhere about the tapetum fibers.

They are going to form the roof and lateral wall.

The roof and lateral wall of posterior horn.

So this is the posterior horn.

Remember lateral ventricle.

In the lateral ventricle, I told you like there are like four horns there.

In the lateral ventricle, I told you that there will be like four horns, anterior horn, the central part and posterior horn.

Posterior horn will be having the roof and the lateral wall that will be formed by what guys?

Tapetum.

So, here you can see that there are tapetum fibers.

Are you understanding?

Now by this we are actually done with what here sir?

We are done with this part here and with this part here sir.

The part in the front here is done.

The part behind here is also done.

Fine.

And now welcome to the middle part here.

Let us deal with the middle part here sir.

Fine.

Dr. Abdul is writing there, you seems little low in energy.

Hope you're fine, sir.

No, Dr. Abdul, I'm actually not at all fine.

I'm suffering with actually severe, severe, you know, back pain, severe, severe low back pain from last one month.

And I have been in, I have been like in complete bitterest.

And this is a session which I'm taking after a long time.

like after the after the bedrest i mean to say after not even like after the bedrest in the middle of the bedrest only so it is troubling me a lot now i'm not able to sit properly yeah that is what is happening right now

thank you thank you so now welcome to the middle part here in the middle part this nucleus here will be the caudate nucleus and this is the thalamus here and this is the lentiform nucleus here what is the reason for your back pain sir the reason you people know very well teaching from last 12 13 years

and teaching from last 12 13 years in the same position sitting sitting sitting no much physical activity completely like you know continuous classes continuous traveling not taking much care about the health so it has happened it is actually uh the bulge in in the disc yes l2 l3 l3 l4 l4 l5 l5 s1

hmm gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym gym

Sure, sure, sure, sure, sure.

Yeah, I'm trying my really best yoga and all these things, physiotherapy and all.

Hmm.

Yes, hanging bar.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Sure, sure, sure.

Hmm.

hmm inshallah inshallah i'll surely teach your kids also now let's see here sure sure so let me let me see like till what i can take this session because it's still painting now it's all hazy hazy in the front i'm not able to see properly hmm

morning today in the morning also like i've just taken the breakfast i've done with my breakfast and i've taken medicines and i was just trying to take the session today somehow because uh your exam is there nearby you know to need pg exam uh in in may you're having your ionized exam then june you're having need pg exam then in july you'll be having your fmg exam yes yes yes

Horse fire tablet, sir.

What is that, Lalit?

Fine, let me see till how much time I can bear the pain.

Now, in this diagram, between the quadrate nucleus, thalamus and the lentiform nucleus, this capsule here will be the internal capsule here.

in this this one here will be the internal capsule here sir fine that white matter fibers in the middle here this one here will be the internal capsule now have you ever thought why is this internal capsule known as the internal capsule have you ever thought why is this internal capsule known as internal capsule only yeah yes yes

forceps minor and forceps major sorab it is actually white matter fibers only they are white matter fibers only they are connecting the this one next why this lentil capsule here why because remember here this lentiform nucleus is lens shape lentiform nucleus like lens shape and it is like lens shape having a capsule inside and outside there is one capsule inside and one capsule outside fine

so you can clearly see that there is a thin sheet of white matter here also outside the lentiform nucleus there is a thin sheet of white matter and this one here will be the external capsule this one here will be the external capsule fine and then my dear friend outside that one more fine sheet of white matter is visible there this is nothing but extreme capsule extreme capsule so whatever word i'm writing here as capsule here

Yes, my dear friend, whatever word I'm writing here as capsule here, it's nothing but your white matter here.

So, there's an internal capsule here and then after that, there'll be external capsule here and then you'll be having the extreme capsule here.

Now, between the external and extreme capsule, yes, between the external and extreme capsule, you'll be able to find a thin sheet of grey matter and this thin sheet of grey matter here will be the claustrum.

This is called claustrum.

This will be claustrum and yes of course you will be also having the hidden lobe here and that is the insula.

There will be hidden lobe of the cerebrum that is the insula part sir.

So there will be thin sheet of grey matter that is claustrum and then the hidden lobe of the cerebrum that is insula.

Insula bhi yaha par hota hai sir.

Done.

So in the middle part you have to remember about all these structures here.

So in this manner, in the transfer section, we are done with the middle part also.

This part is also done here.

Now from here, let us take out the Intel capsule outside here.

Like many, many questions are asked regarding the Intel capsule.

First of all, you have to know about the parts of the Intel capsule.

In total, how many parts are there in the ental capsule?

Please remember, there are totally like five parts in the ental capsule.

One will be the anterior limb, another one is the posterior limb, and then the genu part, and then sublentiform part, and then the retro lentiform part.

Okay, so please remember that there will be anterior limb here, this bend here in the middle will be genu, and this is the posterior limb here, and then you'll be having the sublentiform part and the retro lentiform part.

So, there are totally five parts in the ental capsule.

Number two thing that you have to remember is about the relations of the internal capsule.

Yes, you can clearly see on the medial side, you'll be having the caudate nucleus here and the thalamus.

And then on the lateral side, you'll be having the lentiform nucleus.

This is the lentiform nucleus.

I hope you all know that the lentiform nucleus is made up of two parts here.

One is your putamen, another one is globus paratus.

putamen and globus pallidus will be there but in that also you have to remember that you remember remember that the outer part will be actually the putamen part and the inner part will be the globus pallidus even that was also asked in exam and yes my different please remember that was also asked in the exam you have to remember

You have to remember that, you know, globus pallidus part is towards the medial side there and the putamen part is on the outer side there, sir.

So, relations bhi ho gaya, parts bhi ho gaya.

Now, once you are done with the relations and the parts over here, now, my dear friends, welcome to the tracts passing through internal capsule.

The tracts passing through the internal capsule, sir.

Okay.

Number one, the tract which is going to pass through the genu part here,

the tract passing from the genu part here will be the corticonuclear tract.

Corticonuclear tract is passing through genu part, fine.

And the tract passing through the posterior limb here will be the corticospinal tract here.

So corticospinal tract, I have written below here also, corticonuclear tract is passing from the genu part

Cortico-nuclear part, it is actually the one passing from the genu part, whereas corticospinal tract is the one which is going to pass from anterior two-thirds of the posterior limb.

Anterior two-thirds of the posterior limb.

I like I'll just repeat this once more here it's worth repeating very much important cortico-nuclear tract is passing from the genu part here whereas the corticospinal tract is going to pass from the anterior two-thirds of the posterior limbs anterior two-thirds of the posterior limb so this is like very very much important you got to remember here now once you are done with these points here welcome here to the blood supply of internal capsule and this diagram on the screen is absolutely the best diagram to learn about the blood supply of the internal capsule here

Again, you can appreciate the same thing.

The parts of the lentil capsule, that is your anterior limb, the genu part, the posterior limb, the retrolentiform part along with the sublentiform part.

Fine.

Now, in the anterior limb, anterior limb, genu and the posterior limb, we are again going to divide them into upper part, that is superior part and the inferior part.

Superior part and inferior part.

So, please remember here, the superior part, the superior part of the anterior limb, genu and the posterior limb.

superior part of the anterior limb genuine the posterior limb will be supplied supplied by the striate branches of the middle cerebral artery mca striate branches of the middle cerebral artery superior part now the inferior part of the anterior limb only the inferior part of the anterior limb only that will be supplied by recurrent branch of anterior cerebral artery

recurrent branch of anterior cerebral artery, sir, ACA, fine.

And this recurrent branch, recurrent branch, yes, and this recurrent branch here of the anterior cerebral artery that is also referred to as Huebner's artery, this is also called Huebner's artery, sir, okay, Huebner's artery is also called, okay.

Now, apart from that, remember, inferior part of the genu here, it is actually supplied by, yes, direct branches coming from internal carotid artery, the branches from internal carotid artery.

And remaining everything which is highlighted here in green color, I mean to say, inferior part of the posterior limb, retrolentiform part, sublentiform part, all of them are taken care by anterior coradal artery, anterior coradal artery.

anterior coronal arteries are fine so in this manner you have to actually learn about the blood supply of the internal capsule is very very much important there guys okay in this manner intel capsule topic is also done so my dear doctors by this by this if you are observing there we are done with all the three sections of the brain that is the coronal section the transfer section and the central section all the sections are done along with the sections of the brain we are also done with what here

we're also done with like many many topics associated with that one like fornix is done intel capsule is done all the basal ganglia all the gray matter part is done and all fine now in the recent exam in the recent exam my dear friend remember about the basal ganglia they're asking about the lesions of the basal ganglia you know the parts of the basal ganglia very well the corpus triatum cordate nucleus lentiform nucleus and all yes the lesions are important here if there is a lesion in globus pallidus part

it will lead to athetosis.

If there is a lesion in global carotid, it will lead to athetosis.

Similarly, if there is a lesion in podamen and caudate nucleus, it will lead to what guys?

Chorea.

In your exam, it was asked in a reverse manner.

Chorea is due to the involvement of the structure here, the podamen and the caudate nucleus.

Parkinson's disease, you all know this very well.

Yes, it will be due to involvement of which structure?

Substantia nigra.

Substantia nigra.

And then finally, my dear friend, remember, if subthalamic nucleus is involved, then it will lead to what, guys?

Hemibalismus.

Okay?

What will happen?

Hemibalismus.

Is it clear?

Fine here.

Now, once you are done with the lesions in the basal ganglia, yes, these two questions were already asked in the exam.

Chorea, which structures are involved?

Protamine and caudate nucleus.

And hemibalismus, recently asked, which part is involved?

Septalamic nucleus part is involved.

This question has been asked in your exam, sir.

Now, let's move on.

After completing about the sections of the brain, the next thing that we are going to learn is about the brain stem now.

Brain stem, that is midbrain and the pons and medulla oblongata.

The midbrain pons and middle oblongator together they are going to form the brain stem.

Let us study about brain stem.

I will teach you about the ventral aspect of brain stem, dorsal aspect of brain stem as well as the transverse section.

And then we will also see the brain stem syndromes also if possible.

First of all in this diagram we are able to see the ventral aspect of the brain stem.

Now in the ventral aspect of the brain stem,

Yes, my dear friends, in the ventral aspect of the brainstem, you are able to see that there will be, yes, the cranial nerves going to begin from here, sir.

The cranial nerves are going to begin from here.

Fine.

So, this one here will be the third nerve and this one here will be the fourth nerve.

The third and fourth nerve are going to begin from midbrain.

Third and fourth nerve is going to begin from where?

From the midbrain.

And then fifth nerve is coming out from the pons.

So, this big structure here will be the pons.

And the fifth nerve, trigeminal nerve, is going to come out from the pons.

Or to be more specific, we can say that it is coming out at the junction of pons and middle cerebellar peduncle.

The peduncle which is connecting the pons to the cerebellum there, middle cerebellar peduncle, it is coming out from there.

Now the sixth nerve here and this one here is the seventh nerve and this one here will be the eighth nerve.

The sixth, seventh and eighth nerve is going to come out between the pons and middle oblongator, pontomedullary junction.

pontomedullary junction.

And then when it comes to medulla oblongata here, there is an elevation here known as pyramid and pyramid here.

And this elevation here will be the olive and olive here.

Now just lateral to olive here will be the 9th nerve and the 10th nerve and the 11th nerve.

And between the pyramid and olive, this will be the 12th nerve.

Fine.

So 9th, 10th and 11th nerve is going to come out, exit out lateral to

Is it okay?

Lateral to olive.

And then the 12th nerve is going to come out between the pyramid and olive cell.

Fine.

So let us have a quick revision over here.

My dear friend, the 3rd and 4th nerve is going to come out from the midbrain.

The 5th nerve is going to come out at the junction of pons and the middle cerebellar peduncle.

And then the 6th, 7th and 8th nerve is going to come out at the pontomedullary junction.

And then 9th, 10th and 11th nerve is coming out lateral to olive.

And the 12th nerve is coming out between the pyramid and olive cell.

Okay.

now one point let me tell you here itself 9 10th and 11th nerve they will be having a common nucleus and that nucleus will be referred to as nucleus ambiguous nucleus ambiguous now now here itself let me tell you a few points regarding the fourth nerve remember fourth nerve is the thinnest cranial nerve out of all the cranial nerve it is the thinnest one not only thinnest it is the smallest cranial nerve

now now the most important point is it is the only cranial nerve having dorsal origin very much important multiple times we have asked in the exam in some or the other different way okay so fourth nerve is the one which is having dorsal origin and because it is having dorsal origin it's going to take a turn and come in the front so it will be having the longest intracranial course

longest intracranial course it will be having the longest intracranial course and then my dear friend remember one last and final point that it is also having internal decussation now what is the meaning of decussation in your anatomy remember decussation means crossing decussation means what sir

decussation means what guys it is actually crossing here and internal decussation means what guys the crossing inside the midbrain so remember the fourth nerve the trochlear nerve actually has got the internal decussation guys so all these five points you have to remember let me repeat the five points again number one fourth nerve it is actually the thinnest one and the smallest one and then it is actually having the dorsal origin then it is going to take a turn and come in the front that is why it is having the longest intracranial course and then yes of course it is also having internal decussation

internal negotiation here okay next one apart from that in this diagram you're able to see here this one here will be the cerebral peduncle on one side and this is the cerebral peduncle on the other side between the two peduncles here you'll be able to find inter peduncular fossa now what are the contents of internal inter inter peduncular fossa here sir now what are the contents of inter peduncular fossa number one this one here will be the infundibulum

Along with the infundibulum, there will be tuber cinerium.

Okay.

And then after that, this one here will be the mammillary body and this one here will be the mammillary body.

And then after that, there will be the posterior perforated substance here, sir.

There will be perforations here.

That is known as the posterior perforated substance.

And finally here, this will be the cranial nerve number 3, the third cranial nerve, sir.

So, what are the four contents of interpeduncular fossa?

That will be the infundibulum along with tubercenarium, infundibulum and tubercenarium, and then the mammary body, and then the posterior perfidious substance, and then the cranial nerve number three.

All this will be the contents of your interpeduncular fossa.

Is it okay?

This topic is also completed over here, sir.

Fine.

Now, I'll tell you one important clinical correlation here, my dear friends.

What is the clinical correlation here?

Please look here.

If there is an injury at this location, then what is going to happen?

This question was given in the INSAID exam.

If there is an injury here, then what is going to happen?

Fine.

I just now told you that this elevation here will be the pyramid.

This elevation here will be the pyramid.

And then this elevation here, this one here will be the olive.

Fine.

Now, you should also know what is the reason for this elevation, why it is elevated.

Remember, olive is elevated due to the inferior olivary nucleus.

If you see just beneath the olive, there will be a

Okay, if there is an olive there, beneath the olive, there will be inferior olivary nucleus.

Because of that one, it will be, yes, elevated.

That is known as olive.

And then pyramid, pyramid is actually elevated due to the tract here.

And that tract will be the pyramidal tract cell.

Fine.

So, olive is elevated due to the inferior olivary nucleus whereas the pyramid will be elevated due to the pyramidal tract.

Due to the pyramidal tract.

And the arrow mark is actually there at the pyramid.

And if there is an injury here, then what is going to happen?

If there is an injury here, then what is going to happen?

Of course, it is due to pyramidal tract and pyramidal tract is ascending tract or descending tract.

Remember, pyramidal tract is a descending tract, descending motor.

And one more important thing, if you can appreciate in the diagram here, that pyramidal tract is going to descend down, descend down, descend down, and majority of the fibers are going to cross here.

And that crossing will be referred to as pyramidal decussation.

So this crossing here of the pyramidal tract fibers is referred to as pyramidal decussation.

And this question has been asked in your exams a lot of times that where exactly pyramidal decussation is taking place.

Remember it is taking place at lower medulla.

yes pyramidal decussation will be taking place at lower medulla this has been asked multiple times in your exams multiple times in your exams pyramidal decussation is taking place in lower medulla now now listen to me very carefully i'll tell you a little slowly here listen to me very carefully here if the injury occurs to pyramidal tract

Before decussation, then what is going to happen?

And if the injury occurs to pyramidal tract after the decussation, then what is going to happen?

After decussation.

So, whenever in your exam, whenever in your exams, they are going to ask you the question about injury to pyramidal tract.

Yes, my dear doctors, what are you going to think?

You are going to think about the decussation.

Take it now.

So, if the injury is before the decussation here, then what is going to happen?

Yes, opposite side muscles will be paralyzed.

If the injury is like before the decussation, then what is going to happen?

It will lead to contralateral hemiplegia.

Very good, very good.

And if the injury is after the decussation, it will lead to what guys?

Ipsilateral hemiplegia.

how to deal with this question here so if there is an injury to the pyramidal tract before decussation it will lead to contralateral hemiplegia yes before decussation it will lead to what guys contralateral hemiplegia and if the injury is like after decussation it will lead to what guys yes epsilon that is how you have to actually deal with this type of question here

so once you are done with this one here yes now welcome to the dorsal aspect of the brainstem now we are done with the ventral aspect and along with the ventral aspect you are seeing simultaneously in every topic i am dealing with what sir all the questions which has been asked in your exam yes of course simultaneously we are dealing with the questions also here sir fine okay are you all understanding me following me

now now dorsal aspect of the brain stem here so now in the dorsal aspect of the brain stem behind the midbrain behind the midbrain there will be superior colliculus superior colliculus and there will be inferior colliculus and inferior colliculus and all these four bodies here that is going to form your corpora quadrigeminal corpora quadrigeminal okay

There will be two superior colliculi and there will be two inferior colliculi, sir.

Fine.

There will be two superior colliculi and there will be two inferior colliculi.

Together, they are going to form like four bodies and those four bodies are corpora quadrature minor.

Fine.

Now, let me see how much active you are, my dear friends.

How much active you are.

Can you please identify this nerve here?

Can you please identify this nerve here, sir?

very nice very good absolutely correct the only cranial nerve which is having dorsal origin will be the fourth nerve and fourth nerve will be having dorsal origin coming out from the midbrain cell fine actually next one now behind the pons and medulla oblongata this elevation here will be the facial colliculus facial colliculus and then this elevation here will be the vestibular area

vestibular area and this elevation here will be the hypoglossal triangle and then finally here this one will be the vagal triangle.

hypoglossal triangle and then vagal triangle and the exam they're asking the reason for all these elevations over here fine now remember the vagal triangle will be formed by 10th nucleus the name itself is telling you hypoglossal triangle will be formed by the 12th nucleus the name itself is telling you vestibular area is formed by 8th nucleus vestibulocochlear nucleus fine

vagal triangle vagal triangle is formed by the 10th nucleus vagus nucleus hypoglossal triangle will be formed by the 12th nucleus hypoglossal nucleus vestibular area is actually formed by vestibular vestibular cochlear nucleus till here my dear friends please forget about this one they will never ask you

they'll never ask you study smartly here uh study according to the mindset of the examiner that yeah because it is there in the name itself and always always for your exam please remember about the facial colliculus now remember facial colliculus is the one which will be formed due to the sixth nucleus that is your abducens nucleus

abducens nucleus even though the name is like facial colliculus facial colliculus there remember it is not from the facial nucleus it is formed by the sixth nucleus that is your abducens nucleus here it is formed by the abducens nucleus there sir fine now why it is happening like that when you take a section at this level you will understand fine if you take a transverse section and see inside that then you will understand that

Yes, there will be the 6th nucleus for example and then the 7th nucleus.

7th nucleus is more ventrally.

So, what is going to happen here?

The 7th nerve, the facial nerve is going to take a turn around the 6th nucleus and come out.

It is going to take a turn around the 6th nucleus and come out.

So, because of this turning here, there is elevation formed here and this is called facial colliculus.

So facial colliculus is formed due to the 7th nerve taking a turn around the 6th nucleus.

So that is why it is called facial colliculus.

Are you understanding here?

yes now recently this question was also asked from here yes after completing every topic we are seeing the clinical anatomy here a lot of clinical correlation as well as the questions asked in the previous years previous year topics if there is an injury at the facial colliculus then what is going to happen

Of course, what is going to get injured here?

It is 7th nerve.

So 7th nerve is getting injured here.

That is more better answer when compared to abducens nucleus.

That is why remember 7th nerve itself is gone.

Yes, what is going to happen?

The muscles of facial expression will be involved.

Muzzles of facial expression will be involved.

That is more better answer when compared to lateral rectus.

Don't see that there will be abducens nucleus, the sixth one, and answer there as lateral rectus.

No, no, no.

Not the lateral rectus, my dear friends.

Muzzles of facial expression.

And in your exam, a resorius muzzle was given in the option.

A resorius muzzle was given in the option there, guys.

I hope you'll be able to manage with this one here.

so by this we are actually done with the ventral aspect and dorsal aspect of the brainstem here my dear friends fine uh my dear doctors will actually do one thing here we will we will i will actually stop the session here i think i'm not able to manage

Will actually stop the session here my dear friends.

Unable to manage with the.

Manage with the.

Unable to bear with the pain actually.

It's unbearable now.

And because of that unbearable pain.

I'm.

Feeling like hazy hazy right now.

I'm feeling like hazy.

So it's.

It's all.

Turning like this here.

So, let's stop here.

I'll update you when I'll be taking the session.

We'll reschedule this one here.

We'll reschedule part 1 and part 2.

We'll take it in a more better way.

Fine.

I don't know when I'll be falling down.

It's like I'll be falling down here and there.

It's easy.

So, we'll stop the session here.

Just pray for me.

Thank you.

Thank you.

And sorry guys.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

But...

for sure i'll come back like more strongly i'll we will take the session in a more better way fine fine fine we'll actually stop here thank you thank you sorry