How are Billions of Nanoscopic Transistors Made into a Microchip? EUV Photolithography 🛠️⚙️🤯

Inside microchips are nanometer-sized transistors and wires, but how are these nanoscopic structures built? Well, in this video, we’ll explore the EUV Photolithography System built by ASML. This 150-million-dollar machine is essentially a microchip photocopier; it takes the design of a microchip and copies it across hundreds of microchips on a silicon wafer. This EUV Photolithography System is one of the most complex machines ever made, and it encompasses an entire world of science and engineering within it. Specifically in this video, we'll dive deep into the EUV Lithography tool and explore how 13nm EUV light is produced, how the EUV light is focused onto a photomask, how the photomask, or mask, moves around, what the patterns on the mask look like, the projection optics, and how the wafer moves around and the wafer stage. So join us on this adventure into the world of EUV Photolithography! Enjoy! 00:00 - Exploring CPUs, GPUs, DRAM, SSDs, and SOCs 01:07 - Introduction to the Photolithography Systems 04:11 - Printing Nanoscopic Lines 06:09 - The Basics of CPU Manufacturing 10:50 - Different Types of Lithography Tools EUV vs DUV 12:51 - Why we use Extreme Ultra Violet Light 15:31 - Producing the EUV Light using Tin Droplets 18:21 - The Illumination Optics 19:09 - The Incredible Engineering inside EUV Lithography 19:49 - Bragg Reflections 20:54 - Illumination Settings 22:30 - ASML Sponsorship 22:58 - Exploring the Photomask or Reticle 25:05 - Chip Patterns on a 300mm Wafer 27:27 - Branch Education Hours of Work 28:19 - Projection Optics Rayleigh's Criterion Equation 30:53 - Lithography Cluster 32:27 - Wafer Alignment 35:07 - Photoresist 36:01 - Wafer Transport 37:52 - Outro