Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis

Okay.

which is a matter of continuation to the previous lectures in linguistics.

And I think this is the last, rather before the last lecture,

So we are left with two, with another lecture only.

This lecture and the next one only.

And then we will take some sort of revision, regarding or for the course.

And then we will give you an assignment very soon, that is some sort of a quiz, it will be out of ten marks.

Probably, you know, this week, by the end of the week I'll give it to you.

So, you can answer it on the Moodle and send it to me.

It will be within 10 minutes question.

So, it is only about semantics.

Okay?

So, the topic is 10 questions.

We will give a bonus.

Three degrees for everyone in return for what happened in the test.

And in addition to the last assignment that I gave you and solved it with the three-diagram.

So, of course, we have completed the half evaluation in addition to the test.

Okay, and we deal with all the cases individually and see what we can do for people.

Of course, of course.

Doctor, but when is the quiz exactly?

Before the quiz, I will give you a chance and I will announce it and I will tell you the quiz on the second day.

So most of the time, either on Friday or Saturday, I will tell you within 10 minutes on the model.

But I will tell you about it, so let it be during the closing days.

Back to the main topic that is called pragmatics.

Earlier linguistics, we have discussed many things.

Number one,

the definition of language number two we have discussed you know the definition of linguistics and then later we have taken you know we started you know explaining each and every branch separately like for example we have identified number of things you know inside the course like for example

you know, what ... the definition of ... phonetics, then the definition of ... phonology, then after that, you know, ... explaining, you know, the sounds, and we differentiate between consonants and vowels, and then we have taken something called diphthongs and triptongs,

then later on we started talking about morphology and morphology is the grammar of the word and then word formation process and after that we have taken syntax that is called the grammar of sentences or the structure of sentences then we completed

you know, the meaning of such a structure that is called, you know, semantics, and semantic feature.

Today, after, you know, dealing with each and every one secretly, we are going to study the language in use, that is called pragmatics.

Pragmatics in Arabic means, , how...

How do we use the language or the meaning inside the language?

And we have our own interpretation.

So many scholars

are busy nowadays you know discussing and working on pragmatics that is called you know that means how do we use a language or language in used all right so we will discuss it and discuss its characteristics

And then later, we will take to some extent some definitions and some important tips about discourse analysis.

That is , OK?

religious discourse literally discourse like you know we have different genre of uh our genres of literature like drama like poetry

like fiction in general.

So we call it discourse.

And sometimes also the discourse could be spoken or written.

So we will accept it as it is.

Then in the discourse analysis, we will discuss text.

You know, what do we mean by the text?

And text, sometimes, as textbook, like the one we are studying, OK?

later on in discourse analysis and also in pragmatics we will discuss speech act theory that's it for uh today uh so okay uh now what is pragmatics as i mentioned here in arabic

So pragmatics studies language in years and contexts in which it is used.

In addition to the previous, pragmatics studies what?

Studies Diocese.

What is the meaning of Diocese in Arabic?

It is the signs.

Or we can say the name of the sign in the language.

Or the action of the sign in the language.

Studies Diocese.

Roles in conversation.

No one tells me this is a conversation.

It is a conversation.

Text.

Organization.

Presupposition.

and implicatures.

All these things, we are going to study them through pragmatics.

Now let's look at the contents.

We have invisible meaning.

We have context, ,, we have ,, we have reference, ,, inference, same thing also, ,,

so we have in anafra the lady went to the university she brought her bag you know and then we continue she she she had been anafra pre-supposition

The presupposition speech acts

Again, we are going to discuss certain details.

We have direct or indirect speech acts.

We have politeness whenever we ask for something.

Can you please pass me the sugar?

Alright?

That means what?

It means politeness.

Then we have

negative and positive face هو الشكل أو الوجه السلبي أو الإيجابي في اللغة whenever we speak لذلك مثلاً بنلاقي أحياناً some languages or some people you know using the language they are rough to deal with the language لكن في لهجات موجودة خارج اللهجات يعني عندنا مثلاً في ناس

They don't know how to address the other person.

So, their dialect is a bit difficult.

How is the dialect difficult?

No, he speaks roughly speaking.

It's not roughly speaking in a random way or in an absurd way.

He doesn't know how to convey the information that needs to be communicated to other people.

So, he denies people from his actions through his language.

Pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning.

That is, how to recognize the underlying meanings, which are not apparently said or written.

Okay.

As I mentioned before, it means what?

Context.

refers to what?

The circumstances that form the setting for an event or statement or idea, rather, and in terms of which it can be fully understood.

Sometimes, if we interpret something,

For example, let's look at the following words.

We have taken them in semantics, alright?

في تعدد المعاني philosophy, for example, and hyponymy, for example, alright?

The word bank, it means a financial institution or side of whatever.

or bank of seats as i mentioned before and i give you some examples for the west bank and the east bank that is called the river the jordan river which has east that is jordan as a country and west palestine as a country and we said we have

How do we know which meaning is intended in a particular sentence?

We normally do so on the basis of linguistic context.

If the word bank is used in a sentence together,

With words like steep or overgrown, we know that it is the side of the river.

Examples I have given you in semantics and even before I have given you.

Or if we hear someone say, I need to go to the bank to withdraw cash, it's no doubt

And nowadays, it's difficult to go to the bank to withdraw cash.

Though we have financial problem nowadays in our area.

So if we hear someone say,

I need to go to the bank to withdraw cash.

We understand that it is a financial institution.

Now try to differentiate between the two examples, the previous one and the second one.

The previous, I said, all right, like a steep or overgrown, that is side of the river.

Wuthanian, .

and in financial institution.

Like when I said in my sentence, I need to go to the bank to withdraw cash.

And I need to go to the bank to deposit some cash.

Fine.

We finished with the context.

We come to something very important.

Doug says, did you notice something?

I will give you names and terms just for an introduction because I can't end everything in such a way.

in details it's going to be covered in some other courses like in semantics or in pragmatics or in discourse analysis which you are going to study in the fourth year so what is Diocese for example

That means it refers to words and phrases such as, look at me, look at her.

Here, I am standing.

Here, I am sitting.

You know the word mean?

Here, these are deixes.

That cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information.

لا تفهم بدون ما نعطي معنى سياقي إضافي حتى to explain the contents of the word.

Fine.

It is often and best described as verbal pointing.

Right?

إشاري اللي هو verbally.

يعني حدثي أو شيء واضح تماماً.

That is to say, pointing by means of language.

The linguistic forms of this pointing are called Dictic Expressions.

Dictic Markers.

Dictic Words.

What do we mean by the term Diocese in pragmatics?

Well explained in the slide in front of you.

Okay, now after giving the

definition of the term Diocese as a word or as a term, we will look at dialectic expressions.

Here, Imahat-e-Sharia include such lexemes as Personal Diocese.

Here, Sharia

Alright?

Like you.

mine your him them those idiots alright from what I don't mean those idiots disturbed us a lot people come out those idiots disturbed us a lot okay those idiots for example

All right?

Fine.

Demonstrative diacses.

Like what?

Like this is.

That is.

These are.

Those are.

Okay?

So we used it in the demonstrative diacses.

This is considered a part of what?

Of the terminus in the syntax.

So we say this, that, these, those.

We move further to something called spatial, temporal.

Zamani, Haini, Makani.

Alright?

Fine.

Like, here, I'm sitting.

There are, near, now, okay?

Tomorrow, last week, yesterday, all of them,

Okay, it's called Spatial Temporal Diocese.

Okay, fine.

Excuse me, doctor.

Go ahead.

The girls that you didn't know how to add, they say in the group that you won't record their presence.

Why are you cutting me off for something I don't need?

I'm sorry.

I'm talking in the lecture, you cut a string of ideas of people who are focused with me, and I'm working, he wants to attend, he doesn't come early, he comes when I open the subject, from 8.15 p.m.

So let's focus, the lecture is recorded and the matter is over, I can't, this is the limit I have.

Then someone sits in the lecture and comes to interrupt me in something that is not worth it at all.

May God forgive you, Sheikh.

Who are you, Sahih?

Hello

Okay, Diocese is clearly tied to the speaker's context.

The most basic distinction being between near the speaker, proximal and away from the speaker, distal.

For example,

We have proximal diacritic expressions include this, here, and now.

Distal diacritic expression.

That lady disturbed me, all right?

Look at them.

They are sitting there.

And then they are going to the beach.

Okay?

fine let's look at reference as i mentioned before that is called an act by which a speaker or writer speaker or writer

or writer, uses language to enable a listener or reader.

As long as I speak about the speaker, I have to point to the listener and get a reference.

And as long as I speak about the writer, I have to point to the reader or write words

the speaker has what has a reader to read for him to identify something

So, it is the indication or the indication of something specific.

Therefore, in the book of research or in the book of assignment, always at the end, we refer to references.

We always refer to sources or indications.

that we used in the book of the assignment or in the book of research.

But there we say references, which means sources.

Here we refer to something, or we refer to something specific, you know, by another thing.

Fine.

To perform an act of reference, , we can use proper nouns, like , Jennifer, , other nouns in phrases, like a writer, an author,

Okay, an actor, my friend, my students, my teacher, my professor, the cat, the lady, or we use pronouns like she, he, it.

Okay?

The choice of one type of referring expression, rather than another, seems to be based on

what the speaker assumes the listener already knows.

The choice of one type of referred expression, rather than another, seems to be based on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows.

We come to another one that is called inference.

is additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what I said and what must be meant, all right?

That connection, create a connection between the listener and or rather between the speaker and the listener, you know, to indicate what is said and what must be meant.

Okay?

Yes, doctor.

Yes, doctor.

Okay, for example, in a restaurant.

One waiter can ask another.

Where is the Spanish salad sitting?

And you see the reply, he is sitting by the door.

All right.

If you are studying linguistics, you might ask someone,

Can I look at you Chomsky?

92 years.

Can I look at your Chomsky?

What does he mean?

Chomsky's book?

Or Chomsky's lectures?

So what do you say to him?

And get the response.

Sure, it's on the shelf.

From whom?

From the lectures.

These examples make it clear that we can use names associated with things.

They mean they sell it to refer to people.

Sell it to refer to people.

And he used names of people, like Chomsky, to refer to things.

Okay?

How about Gazdo?

Spanish or salad.

Look at your.

Chomsky.

Color, yes.

Sure.

It's on the shelf over there.

Okay.

Coming to something which is very important, you know, especially in syntax and semantics, that is called an afra.

و تكرار الكلمة في بداية عدة جمل و تكرار الكلمة في بداية عدة جمل

The use of an expression that depends especially upon an antecedent expression.

For example, Susan dropped the plate.

It chattered loudly.

The pronoun it is an another.

It points to the left toward its antecedent, the plate.

All right?

If, for example, Susan dropped the plate,

Take another example.

If Sam buys a new bike, I'll do it as well.

If Sam buys a new motorcycle, I will buy a new bike as well.

By the way, let me point out something.

Here in Gaza, we use the word motorbike.

What do we use instead of it?

We say fizba, let's say it in general.

But where does the word fizba come from?

For everyone to know, because you have a language, so you must know.

Who can tell me where the word fizba comes from?

I call it borrowing words.

Can I, doctor?

I think it's the name of a company.

Of what?

For bikes.

I don't know.

Okay, I want to tell you.

Your answer is correct.

But it lacks something that you say... Venezuela?

No, my lady.

Italy.

What Venezuela?

Venezuela makes vehicles like this?

Venezuela is a poor country.

That's it.

Okay?

Fine.

And if it's...

I mean, it's an oil producer, but it still has a siege against America and these areas, so it's a bit out of their control.

It's one of the Latin American countries, okay?

Fine, but it's an oil producer.

It's just a country that's considered, if I'm not mistaken, in other countries.

and a poor country that is not very interested in the latest technology, as it should be due to the supposed siege on it.

Well, the Vespa is called Vespa.

It is one of the first, let's say, international companies in Italy that made the bike.

It's not the motorcycle that you see a lot in Gaza.

They ruined the world because of it.

No.

It's a bit...

It looks like the second one.

I don't know how to explain it to you.

Also, this is what we say about it.

Motorcycle.

Or motorbike.

Which is used in racing.

And what you see with the guys in the streets.

We have in Gaza.

This is its exact term.

It's motorbike.

Many names.

If you remember, I explained something to you.

It's called coinage.

Do you remember or not?

Hello?

Yes, doctor, we remember.

Are you with me, doctor?

Can you repeat the word again?

Do we remember or not?

Coinage.

It means you are not with us, ma'am.

We used the word coinage, alright?

We used to use Ariel.

We used to use Ariel.

We used to use Ariel.

Yes, I saw it.

No, I told him to bring us clinics.

Of course, there are no clinics in the country.

There are other types, and I don't know the pioneer commercial things, and things like that.

Of course, they exist, but the level of companies that came to us in the country,

was the English company, Clinix.

Today, we use the word Vespa and similar things.

It's like the word pizza.

For example, in Lebanon, it's all meat with dough.

There were some evidences about the preparation of this dish, but they use a lot of meat with dough, which I consider to be a traditional dish.

And pizza is an Italian word, and Italy became famous for it, so it started to be made in this product.

Okay, what is my topic?

My topic is that we are just, I just, because I have a lot of students with you in translation, so I have to clarify some things because this will pass on to them.

Okay.

If Sam buys a new bike, I will do it as well.

The verb of phrase, do it, is an other.

So here in the syntax, I took the verb, alright, from the grammar, and I worked on it,

Okay?

Okay?

Fine.

It points to the left word.

It's antecedent by the new by.

Any word that comes back to any word, it's not a word.

It's not a word.

We have a personal.

We have a verb.

We gave you examples.

Yes.

Any word goes back to a word.

Like, they do it.

I will do it.

It's a bye.

Right.

Yes, yes.

Okay, I mentioned it to you at the beginning, but I don't know if you didn't notice it or not.

Here it is, clearly.

Is it clear to you?

It's a reminder of the word at the beginning of the sentence.

Let's go to who now?

The use of an expression that depends upon a post-sedent expression.

A post-sedent expression.

Because he was very cold.

David walked on his couch.

He was very cool.

David put on his coat.

The pronoun he is a cataphor

it points to the right toward its Poseidon, David.

All right?

Although, Sam might do so, I will not buy a new bike.

All right?

in your bike.

Buy, let me in.

They're doing so.

Buy who?

Buy Sam.

So, even though Sam will buy it and do it, I will not buy a new bike.

The verb of phrase, do so, is a cataphore.

The same system.

We said in the anaphore, we mention the name first, or we mention the place, and then we refer to it.

But no, this is the opposite.

We want to mention it.

the conscience, or the place, or the action in the beginning and then we refer to it, meaning we preceded it, here we didn't precede it, ok, here is a previous indication, why will it come, why is it followed, in the anaphora, no, it is a indication to whom, to whom we still want to say it, alright, not to whom we remembered it, to whom we still want to say it, ok,

Fine.

The verb phrase do so is a cataphor.

It points to the right word.

It's supposed to buy a new bike.

Coming to presupposition, which is the previous assumption or the previous condition that we are talking about.

What a speaker or writer assumes is true or known by a listener or reader can be described as a pre-supposition.

Direct and indirect speech acts.

Did you eat the pizza?

This, of course, is interrogative.

Or, in its function, there is a question.

Eat the pizza, please.

Imperative.

But what's wrong with it?

Command.

Request.

You ate the pizza.

I know.

Declarative.

a statement, a statement, all right?

These are the types that we are talking about.

So before, I have to take, excuse me, I don't want to give examples on the presupposition, let me repeat it again.

We say, the presupposition, I messed up a bit, I went on two lines later.

Presupposition or what a speaker or writer assumes is truth or known by a listener or reader can be described as presupposition.

For example, Jane no longer writes fiction.

fiction.

Presupposition.

Jane Wan's wrote fiction.

Okay.

Have you stopped eating meat?

Non-vegetarian?

Presupposition, you had once eaten meat.

Some people, as you know, who are other people on earth, don't eat meat and potatoes.

We talk about these vegetarians.

Some consider it

in terms of creed and religion, and some others do not prefer or like all kinds of meat, whether it is mutton, or beef, or ham, or chicken.

They do not eat anything related to meat.

The presupposition you had once eaten meat.

Meat, as I know.

So, despite that, I know once that you ate meat before that.

Have you talked to Hans?

Hans exists.

Where did he come from?

From the subject or from the place?

Did you understand or not?

Yes, doctor.

Yes, doctor.

Things are completely clear, so I will explain it in a way that you are participating with me.

You don't need any effort or effort.

Let's come, guys, to the speech act.

The speech action or the speech actions.

The philosopher, the first one.

Because this has to do with what?

By the way, I forgot to tell you.

It has to do with philosophy.

Yes, it has to do with logic.

The first person to talk about this is John Austin.

who was born in 1911 and died in 1960.

All right?

How long did he live?

950 or 49?

59.

Are you sure?

49.

49.

claims that many utterances like things people say are equivalent to actions we use the term speech act to describe actions such as requesting

When we request something, we command, we question, or we inform.

All right?

So all these actions, we do them.

Or an event, we do it.

Request, command, question, inform.

All of this is within who?

Within the speech.

And I gave you the example.

Let me take it again to link it.

In the subject, we see the direct and the direct speech act.

Did you eat the pizza?

This is an interrogative.

I mean, I say to him, why did you eat the pizza?

It is a question.

Eat the pizza, please.

Its structure, what does it say?

Imperative.

But its function

The work, I mean to say, because I used the word please, I mean, please, eat the pizza.

Please, eat the pizza.

So, I brought it here in Arabic, in the general dialect or in the Arabic dialect.

Please, eat the pizza.

Okay.

But she, I say, eat the pizza.

But I used it with what?

Please.

Or, I ask you to eat the pizza.

Because I want to eat the pizza.

Or, what is this?

This is a command, but it's a request.

Okay, you eat the pizza.

I'm happy.

You ate the pizza.

You ate the pizza.

I told people, eat the pizza.

Yes, Doctor.

When an interrogative structure

such as did you, are they, or can we, is used with the function of a question, it is described as a direct speech act.

When it is clear that the function is an interrogative,

Can you pass the sugar?

Can you pass the salt?

Can you pass the water?

In this example, we are using a syntactic structure associated with the function of a question.

Pass me the salt.

Pass me the sugar.

Pass me the water.

Can you pass the salt?

This is an example of an indirect speech act.

Can you pass the salt?

Let's see, guys, the politeness.

as showing awareness of and consideration of and consideration for another person's face

For example, you see the Egyptians, they have a lot of politeness, regardless of the regime.

But in this country, most of the people, and I encourage everyone to always have politeness in the hadith.

People should not cut off the time of the people they are talking about.

He speaks with kindness, with your favor, if you please, I beg you, please.

All the words that contain kindness,

and respect, we must use it in our Hadith.

On the contrary, it increases our respect in front of people, and it increases our pride, and it increases our pride.

But when we don't use politeness, people will misunderstand us, and they will misunderstand us, or they will misunderstand us, and they will misunderstand something else.

So there are some of us, SubhanAllah, who come and say, he is like this.

Give me that paper.

You are behaving as if you have more social power than the other person.

All of a sudden, I'm embarrassed, I'm encouraged, I say it all of a sudden.

Why didn't you call me, sir?

You come and say, no, it's not right.

There must be politeness.

Okay?

Give me that paper.

I don't want to talk to you about it.

If you don't have the power, you are performing a face-threatening act.

Okay?

What happens is that our appearance is not nice.

according to the face expression.

Can you pass me the paper?

Oh, yes.

Here you go.

Can you pass me the paper?

It removes the assumption of social power.

Whenever you say something that lessens the possible threat to another's face, it can be described as face-saving act.

What was it called?

First of all, it was called Face Threatening Act.

And this is called Face Saving Act.

The idea is that today we want to learn something new and a new behavior, which is the behavior of politeness in all aspects of our lives.

Performative Attrances.

We want to see how the actual language works.

We have, of course,

Locutionary.

Let's take one by one.

Locutionary act.

It's the act of making meaningful utterance.

For example, straining outside.

All right.

Noisy outside.

is the literal meaning of the utterance that is the meaning of the utterance which is carried by the words and the utterance and their arrangement or their structure of

Words.

Slide number 30.

And read it with me, just so I can explain it more.

People who are with me, where are they?

They're here, doctor.

I want to read it.

You don't understand what I said?

Do you want me to read it, Doctor?

You didn't pay attention to me when I said I need someone to read slide number 30?

No, we're waiting for the slide.

We thought you'd still need to bring my slide, Doctor.

It's not with us.

I'll bring it for you now.

Is it clear or not?

It's clear.

Okay?

Fine.

The Cutionary Act

Oh, you reminded me.

I told you the professor was at Paris 5 University.

In Paris 5, in France, he was a professor of literature.

He is a Palestinian from the north, from the outskirts of Haifa.

He specializes in the literature of Ghassan Kanfani.

His name is Afnan Al-Qasim.

How are you?

You are Afnan Bakroun, and you will become like Afnan Al-Qasim.

Tell me, O Allah.

O Allah, inshallah, doctor.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

Inshallah.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

I don't know what to say.

God bless you, God bless you, God bless you.

Elocutionary Act.

They're happy for you, by the way, that you're reading.

So you have to take it in a positive way, not in a... Elocutionary Act, okay?

No, don't press on Elocutionary, no.

Elocutionary Act.

Elocutionary.

Elocutionary?

Elocutionary?

Elocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance.

Elocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind.

Excellent, Mashallah.

All right, elocutionary, elocutionary act is performed where the communicative, communicative force of an utterance.

Elocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind, some kind of function in mind.

Number three.

Perlocutionary acts.

Listen to me carefully.

Perlocutionary acts.

I said something.

I want to see if his action exists or not.

Perlocutionary acts are the effects of the actions on the listeners.

Did the reaction to the listeners or not?

Let us see.

We will close the shop after five minutes.

We will close the shop after five minutes.

We will close the shop after five minutes.

Locutionary saying that the shop will be closed in five minutes.

the act of informing the customers of the shops forthcoming closing and perhaps also the act of urging them to order buy something okay fine

The shopkeeper intends to be performing this act by causing the customers to believe.

The shopkeeper intends to be performing this act by causing the customers to believe.

The shopkeeper intends to be performing this act by causing the customers to believe.

The shopkeeper intends to be performing this act by causing the customers to believe.

And of getting them to want and to order one last order.

Buy something.

Effect.

Until I start in the new topic that is called Discourse Analysis.

To give you a chance to think and absorb a new topic.

But it is related to the previous topic.

At the moment.

Yes.

Let's take a short break.

The time now is 10 and 14 minutes, so I'll be back to you in 10 and 20 minutes.

Okay?

Good?

Good.

Thank you.

Okay.

Stay with me until I see you, God willing.

Okay, Assalamu alaikum.

Walaikum Assalam.

Okay, let's ... start again.

Earlier we have ... talked about pragmatics, and today,

We will continue also, after this break, talking about discourse analysis, which is the analysis of speech.

Of course, this is an interdisciplinary course, in the sense that it is a subject that intersects with several topics in human sciences.

For example, in journalism and media.

For example, also in political science.

Also in Arabic and English.

Or any other language in the world that can do discourse analysis.

So we have a course in the fourth year that is called Discourse Analysis Course.

Now what's the meaning of the word discourse?

The word discourse comes from Latin.

We derive it from where?

From Latin?

Hello?

The word discourse comes from Latin discourses, which is a conversation speech.

I told you I don't want to use the word conversation.

Wait a minute, Soma.

What?

OK.

Which denoted conversation speech?

Discourse, accountances,

of a specially spoken language larger than a sentence, often contained in...

Okay, discourse... Alright, the word discourse comes from Latin,

that is, discourses, which denoted conversation speech.

Discourse as a continuous stretch of specially spoken language larger than a sentence.

This is what it means.

A continuous stretch of specially spoken, especially spoken language, language larger than a sentence.

Often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative.

Had a definition was given to us by David Crystal, 1992.

David de Christel is a very famous British linguist.

Discourse is language above the sentence or above the clause.

Language used, linked to social practices and participants.

The focus is on the language as a means to an end, an instrument of the service of communication.

Discourse can be defined in three ways.

Language beyond the level of a sentence.

Language behaviors linked to social practices.

Language as a system of thought.

All right?

Language as a system of thought.

Fine.

Discourse analysis is usually defined as the analysis of language.

Beyond the sentence.

And the analysis of the scores is typically concerned with the study of language and text.

Or the study of language in people.

Or in the conversation that we have in front of us.

Okay.

Something bigger than that.

Look at the examples.

that is in front of you.

We have something called visual discourse.

Alright?

There is a map.

of a country.

Let us pretend that we are not Palestinians.

nor in the return, nor in the Palestinian struggle over the years, nor in the rape of the Palestinian land, nor the displacement of the Palestinian people from 1948 to today.

So let's see what you understand through the pictures.

By God, we know that this is the nonsense that is about to come, and before it is someone named Yasmeen Abu Shammali, who has never visited me.

And there's another one, Nour, Abu Jame' I don't know where they are After the lecture, it's only been an hour and a half since the lecture started I mean, we're almost at the end of the lecture So they're all here, and Israel Hajj

Dr. Yatik Nafia.

May God bless you.

Dr. Yatik Nafia.

May God bless you.

I will attend every lecture with you.

This is the first and last time.

Who did you attend?

Who did you attend?

My name is Abou Tammal.

You can attend every lecture.

I don't want to attend every lecture or anything.

Go back to the lecture where it says you have politeness and know how to talk to people.

May God bless you.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Look at the politeness I explained to you a little while ago.

I'm sorry, doctor, that I'm late, but this is the first lecture and I'm late.

Okay, examples of discourse that we are supposed to look at visual discourse.

Alright?

It's the visual discourse that we have here.

So we'll find it's a map or a key.

And we have a siege here.

And we have a sentence on one of the walls.

We want to return to our homeland.

What do we understand from it?

Far from the fact that we are Palestinians.

Who can answer me?

Far from the fact that you are Palestinian.

Dr. Farah.

Come on, Farah.

Okay doctor, here we have like the key, and it means home.

So if I am like, I'm not Palestinian, if I'm not Palestinian, I will like say that there are some people who wants to open, or to go to their home, to their own home,

And in the next, in the second picture, there is a man who is holding the key.

So... And he, and he... And the man...

Yes.

Uh...

We are talking about the first image.

Yes.

In the map, there is a...

Yes, the first...

In the map, there is a hole.

Okay?

Indicates that there is a lock.

We have Qafl or Zarfil that we want to open in the public language.

And we also have who?

key and this key is a symbol for a house or opening a house all right opening something closed all right or banned okay fine

We haven't reached the country yet, but we will tell them, despite that, come back to me, God willing.

Okay?

If someone wants to tell me, what do you want to say in Arabic, in the public language, and you want to give me an expression, I tell them, we want to return to our homeland.

I tell them, come back to my country.

This is how I translate the message.

Come back to where?

To my country.

Our homeland.

Move to the second image.

We have an old man.

Okay, carrying his key, where is he going?

To Jerusalem.

Okay, like the poem that says, the door of our city will not be closed, so I am going to pray.

Alright?

I'm going back.

Yes, doctor.

Yes.

Discourse analysis is an increasingly popular and important area of language study.

what journalism critical discourse analysis.

They refer to it by CDA.

OK?

Fine.

Discourse analysis is an increasingly popular and important area of language study.

It discusses not only about language itself,

but also how it relates with society, culture, and third.

It is used to describe activities in several disciplines, as I told you, such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, and also psycholinguistics.

Discourse analysis includes speech act theory, which I mentioned earlier,

Ethnography of communication and pragmatics Studying discourse analysis from three points of view As a linguist

Linguists find out how language works.

Find out how language works to improve our understanding of an important kind of human activity.

As educators, to find out how good texts work,

So that we can focus on teaching our students these writing and speaking strategies.

As a critical analyst,

,, which are not obvious on the surface.

For example, we have to go deeply, analyzing a politician's speech to see their preconceptions.

critical discourse analysis.

Discourse analysis, before giving a simplistic definition of discourse analysis, it's expedient to look at some definitions and quotations

from well-known scholars in the field of discourse analysis.

Before we look at what discourse analysis is simply, we want to take some definitions related to some vague names in the field that contributed to the definitions.

We will take the first one to introduce you to some of the basic concepts and terms in the field of discourse analysis.

to introduce you to some well-known linguists whose names are associated with various aspects of discourse analysis, to draw our attention to fact, okay, that there is not a single theory about or a single approach to discourse analysis.

There is no single theory or approach

Discourse analysis.

Discourse is defined by well-known scholars.

Colt Hart said, in a spoken text, there are at least four major levels of organization.

The level, the level of sound, the level of grammar, and discourse.

and non-linguistic one.

The structure in each of these levels can be expressed in terms of small units combining to form larger units.

.

The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage spoken or written.

To any passage spoken or written.

A text may be spoken or written.

Prose, or verse.

Dialogue, monologue.

Monologue is the individual dialogue.

Of course, in the time of Shakespeare, dialogue and monologue were used in theater.

Dialogue is the dual dialogue.

And this is the individual dialogue.

If you remember, a while ago I gave you something called monothong.

Monothong is single vowels.

Like E, O, A.

And the diphthong has the duality of movement.

Like I, like O, like O.

That's why in the theater, there's something called dialogue.

Between two persons.

And the monologue, someone is doing self-examination.

Like in Shakespeare's time, what was it called?

Excuse me, soliloquy.

No one is listening to him or to her, so revealing his own suffering.

It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play.

from a momentary cry or for help to an all-day discussion on a comedy

A text is a unit of language in years.

Is the issue clear?

The next section.

After this, we came to Stubbs.

He said, listen, guys, in 1983, the discourse is about the language, the language that equals a sentence or equals a closed expression.

Basel Hatem, who is an Iraqi writer and translator, is now working at the University of the East in the UAE, but he is an Iraqi resident

The modes of speaking and writing which involve participants in adopting a particular attitude towards area of sociocultural activity.

For example, racist discourse,

or official discourse.

Two of the above definitions use the term discourse and text.

Two of the previous definitions used to refer both to the spoken and written language.

This is the position which most linguists and researchers adopt nowadays.

This is what most linguists and researchers say these days.

They refer to the text and the discourse as spoken and written.

I agree with them, and you must agree with me, of course, to convince your students.

Alright?

Because we bring this thing.

So, what is the definition of the text?

The text can be a book, a poem, a novel, a play, a short story, or an essay.

The text refers to any passage, whether it is spoken or written.

of whatever length that forms a whole unit, either assays, notices, road signs, even road signs that we even find today, they use the sign in what?

And this is the language.

Where?

In the restricted health areas.

He told you to classify it as a red area.

Why?

To warn you of danger.

A yellow area, to be prepared to increase the number of injuries.

A green area, completely safe.

Did you get the idea?

So, of course, this is what we refer to.

It is the unit of language in use.

It is the unit of how to use the language.

It is a physical product of a communicative act, that is, the record of some speaker's or writer's discourse, uttered or written in some context and for some purpose.

At some point, Ba'd al-Bahateen, some virtuous Awl al-Lughawyeen, used the term text to refer to the written language and discourse to the spoken language.

We are not one of them.

We said we will refer to the spoken and written.

Some researchers say no.

And linguists.

I mean the term text refers only to the written.

And the term discourse refers to the spoken.

We shall follow the main trend and use the term discourse to refer to both.

We, the general style, or the general principle, the general trend, we want to use discourse to refer to both, spoken and written.

Understood?

Okay.

Okay.

Two of the above definitions I called hard with Stubbs view discourse as language.

It's important, but you read it clearly.

Let's see the discourse analysis.

His definitions.

He said, widely recognized as one of the most vast, but also one of the least defined areas in linguistics.

It's more popular and more...

Excuse me.

More...

our understanding of discourse is based on scholarship from a number of academic disciplines that are actually very different from one another

Included are not just disciplines in which models of poor understanding, discourse first, developed, that is in linguistics, developed in anthropology, developed in sociology, developed in philosophy, but also

Disciplines that have applied such models, for example, communication, social psychology, and artificial intelligence, are artificial intelligence related to discourse.

analysis is only just beginning and currently much of the work is being undertaken not by linguists but by sociologists, anthropologists and philosophers.

Not only linguists, linguists are responsible for defining the discourse analysis or dealing with it, but we have sociologists, social scientists, and anthropology scientists.

What is anthropology, by the way?

What did you say?

Yes, guys, what did you find out?

The science of man.

What does the science of man mean?

The science of man.

Okay, what is the science of man?

I mean, do you study how man was formed?

The secret of the self, maybe?

No, no, no, no, no.

I mean, the secret of the self, do you want me to say that it's anthropology?

No.

Doctors, cultural and development of the human.

Yes, it's the forms of human formation.

And how was man formed and developed?

How was man in the past?

And how is he today?

Yes?

The creation of man.

Okay, you see these things and you understand them.

Okay.

The analysis of discourse is necessarily the analysis of language and news.

The analysis of discourse is necessarily the analysis of language and news.

as such it cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions which these forms are designed to serve in human affairs

To conclude, that can be drawn from the above definitions may be categorized under three major headings.

First, what are the objectives of discourse analysis?

Second, what are the approaches of discourse analysis?

Number three, what are the disciplines concerned with discourse analysis?

Let's look at them one by one.

Below is a brief discussion of each of the aforementioned categories.

Objectives of discourse analysis is to study all aspects related to language use.

or strictly speaking language in use.

That is, language as used in real communicative situations by real people and the contexts in which communication takes place.

Approaches to discourse analysis.

As mentioned before,

There is not one single approach to discourse analysis.

The most well-known approaches are the following.

As I mentioned at the beginning,

Number three, conversational analysis.

Number four, pragmatics.

I know that disciplines concerned with discourse analysis, although discourse analysis deals with language in use, this issue is not restricted to linguistic analysis only, but we can use it somewhere else.

This is due to the fact that language is not simply a formal mathematical system.

It is more than that.

.

Language is a human behavior.

This is of interest to psychologists and psycholinguists.

Language B is a social activity

or social efforts.

And hence, sociologists are interested in it.

See, the basic function of language is communication.

Therefore, communication through anthropology, through culture, through behavior,

are also interested in it.

D, language is assumed to be linked to thinking.

between the lines, not the lines themselves.

And this constitutes an area of interest for philosophers and also for logicians.

How can I be finished?

Thank you all.

If you have any question, you can always approach me.

Any question, anything, anything.

Go ahead.

Go ahead.

But for the quiz you said earlier, will the quiz be or will it be an assignment?

I want to do a quiz, we will solve it in a specific time.

We will give 10 coins with 10 minutes, okay?

Yes, this will have 10 signs so that the sign is from 40, it has nothing to do with the half.

We said the half, we want to give a bonus of 3 signs to everyone, who is it?

Yes, Fatina Abu-Mustafa.

Fatina Abu-Mustafa, we said we want to give three degrees, Fatina, on what?

On the half of everyone.

Okay.

Okay.

And the people who were participating, I have names that I write.

Every student asks or every student talks, I write their name.

That's why I ask who is with me, so I can describe the active people.

I wish you all the best.